
A estrutura básica de uma dissertação argumentativa é muito simples e segue uma lógica semelhante a qualquer texto que busca passar alguma informação: ele deve ter início, meio e fim. Quando transferimos essa ideia para a redação, temos, respectivamente, introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão. Abaixo, você pode conferir um pequeno esquema para ajudar a visualizar a estrutura da dissertação. Cada uma das partes será explicada com mais detalhes:

INTRODUÇÃO
A introdução apresenta uma contextualização do tema e a tese a ser defendida. Ela é feita no primeiro parágrafo do texto e pode ter, em média, 5 a 7 linhas.
A introdução de um texto é a apresentação daquilo que será explicado e desenvolvido ao longo da sua redação e é, também, o primeiro contato que o(a) leitor(a) terá com as ideias a serem abordadas. Para isso, é necessário que a introdução apresente o tema que será desenvolvido, contextualizando-o para que o(a) leitor(a) saiba qual será o assunto tratado. Existem várias formas de contextualizar o tema: uma declaração, uma citação, uma comparação, uma alusão histórica etc. No caso da dissertação argumentativa, a introdução também apresenta a tese (ponto de vista) a ser explorada no texto e, para isso, o(a) leitor(a) precisa, também, de um direcionamento sobre a forma como esse ponto de vista será defendido.
Ela é feita no primeiro parágrafo de um texto e pode ter uma extensão de, em média, 5 a 7 linhas. O tamanho exato pode variar, por isso, a sugestão é apenas um guia para facilitar a organização do texto. No entanto, use sempre o bom senso no momento de redigir a introdução e avaliar se a quantidade de linhas escritas é suficiente para transmitir a ideia. Se uma introdução tem apenas 2 linhas, por exemplo, é sinal de que algo não está adequado ou as ideias foram apresentadas de forma muito superficial, como é o caso de uma introdução que já inicia com a tese e não contextualiza o tema. Já uma introdução com 12 linhas extrapolou a proposta e, provavelmente, desenvolveu demais as ideias, com argumentos e dados que deveriam ser detalhados apenas no desenvolvimento, ou então possui muita informação desnecessária.
Desenvolvimento
O desenvolvimento é a sustentação da tese por meio de de argumentos, ou seja, informações, dados, citações, justificativas, causas e consequências que comprovam o ponto de vista. Cada argumento deve ser apresentado em um parágrafo e ter, em média, 6 a 8 linhas.
O desenvolvimento é a parte do texto que contém a defesa do ponto de vista apresentado. Para ter uma boa argumentação, é ideal que o desenvolvimento apresente, no mínimo, dois parágrafos. Cada argumento deve ser colocado em um parágrafo independente. Para desenvolver cada argumento, devem ser apresentados elementos necessários para esclarecer o ponto de vista e convencer o(a) leitor(a), através de fatos, exemplos, citações, dados estatísticos, justificativas, apresentação de causas e consequências de um problema, enfim, quaisquer informações que possam ajudar a persuadir o(a) leitor(a).
Cada parágrafo deve possuir um tópico frasal, ou seja, uma frase ou declaração que contenha a ideia central do argumento. Depois, são acrescentadas informações que complementam essa declaração. A extensão média de um parágrafo de desenvolvimento é de 6 a 8 linhas, podendo, de acordo com cada situação apresentada no texto, ter mais ou menos linhas. Mais uma vez, é importante o bom senso. Evite, em seu texto, desenvolver todas as ideias em um único parágrafo.
Conclusão
A conclusão é o desfecho do texto, retoma a tese e as principais ideias da redação. Apresenta, em média, 4 a 7 linhas. Para o ENEM, a conclusão pode, também, apresentar a proposta de intervenção.
A conclusão é o desfecho do texto. Ela dá o “ponto” final da redação, retomando as principais ideias, inclusive a tese, para esclarecer e confirmar o ponto de vista defendido. Lembre-se de que, mais do que apenas o final do texto, a conclusão também é o final do processo de argumentação. Para isso, não devem ser desenvolvidas novas ideias ou argumentos. Afinal, o desenvolvimento já deve dar conta do recado, o que faz com que a conclusão seja apenas um apanhado geral de tudo o que já foi exposto.
O desfecho do texto deve ser breve e conciso. Para isso, retome as ideias presentes na introdução. Isso não significa que a conclusão deve ser uma paráfrase do início do seu texto, mas que, ao ler o primeiro e o último parágrafos, o(a) leitor(a) deve ser capaz de perceber que ambos falam da mesma coisa. A conclusão deve ter em torno de 4 e 6 linhas, não sendo recomendado ultrapassar a quantidade de linhas presente na introdução ou no desenvolvimento.
Mas… E a proposta de intervenção?
O ENEM exige que seja apresentada uma proposta de intervenção social detalhada para o problema colocado pelo tema da redação. Como muitas pessoas preferem apresentar a proposta na conclusão – o que chamamos conclusão propositiva -, devido ao detalhamento da proposta, ela pode ficar longa demais e, muitas vezes, chegar à extensão de um parágrafo de desenvolvimento ou até mais. Para o ENEM, isso não é um grande problema, desde que a proposta atenda corretamente aos critérios de avaliação da competência 5 e o seu texto tenha argumentos consistentes e tenha sido desenvolvido com clareza e organização. Se tiver dificuldades com a conclusão propositiva, você pode, sim, apresentar a proposta de intervenção no seu desenvolvimento.
Este conteúdo foi publicado originalmente em abril de 2017, porém, devido a problemas técnicos com a página, o artigo foi republicado. Apesar de o assunto ainda ser considerado atual e pertinente, não houve atualização do texto, espero poder trazer conteúdo mais recente em breve.

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